How are Microfinance, Crowdfunding, and Peer-to-peer Lending Different?

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Microfinance, Crowdfunding, and Peer-to-peer Lending Explained

Posted by Rob Garcia Whenever I get the chance to speak at an event about peer-to-peer investing and personal loans, I consistently get the following questions: "isn't the concept the same as Kiva?", "are you not the same as Grameen Bank, but in the US?","it sounds like Kickstarter or Indiegogo, no?". The answer to all three questions is "No". Even though peer-to-peer lending, crowdfunding and microfinance share the same core concept, they are very different in their purposes and implementation. Here is an attempt to untangle your brains:

Crowdsourcing refers to the idea that a group of people can accomplish something that would otherwise be impossible for an individual to do alone. It involves turning to the general public or group of experts to address a need for ideas or work. The concept is based on the philosophy that the "collective" is wiser than any one person. Arguably, the most successful web-based example of crowdsourcing is Wikipedia, which has become a legend, taking on traditional encyclopedias (both physical books and e-versions) by enlisting collaborative content sourcing and reviewing. Another pioneer in this space is 99Designs, which enables crowdsourcing of visual design work online. Matt Mickiewicz, co-founder of 99Designs, explains that his company "is all about providing opportunities to designers to build their portfolios, find work, build client relationships, hone their skills, and have fun. On the other hand, we bring affordable, high-quality graphic design to start-ups and small businesses who in the past simply couldn't afford it."

Crowdsourcing is also to outsource work to the masses, independent of location. Amazon's Mechanical Turk is one of the better known brands in this area, but two more recent web-based crowdsourcing marketplaces are making the concept more popular nowadays: oDesk and CrowdFlower. My favorite application of the crowdsourcing concept is the process of collecting ideas from users to improve a product or service. Check out UserVoice and Get Satisfaction for ways to create more intimate and effective product feedback loops with your customers.

Crowdfunding describes how the collective pools together money to support an initiative or project. Crowdfunding has historically been used for political campaigns, disaster relief (charitable donations), government support (taxes anyone?), and public projects. Anti Hannula, entrepreneur from Finland, argues that the pedestal where the Statue of the Liberty is placed today was crowfunded. More recently, crowdfunding has seen a resurgence on the Internet on sites like Kickstarter or Indiegogo, where artists, entrepreneurs, and communities seek support for their ideas and projects from the "4F Bank": fans, friends, family and fools. The individual seeking monetary support typically offers something in return for a donation, such as an autographed CD, discount on a art piece, or free access to a service.

Microfinance consists in providing of financial help to low-income families or individuals who traditionally lack access to banking and loans (a.k.a. the "unbanked"). The concept was pioneered by Muhammad Yunus, economist and Nobel Peace Prize recipient from Bangladesh, who devised a model to extend loans to entrepreneurs who were too poor or lacked the sufficient credit history to qualify for traditional bank loans. He put his model to work by creating Grameen Bank: banking for the poor. Kiva is probably the most known of a myriad of web-based microfinance institutions and facilitators. Premal Shah, president of Kiva, describes microfinance as " the way to empower others to lift themselves out of poverty."

Peer-to-peer Lending or Investing is defined by wikipedia as for-profit financial transactions occurring directly between individuals or "peers" without the intermediation of a traditional financial institution. When you look at it carefully, you will realize that this is how lending was done centuries ago, before banks emerged and became the norm: communities borrowed and invested directly in its members.

The Internet has now made this concept available to virtually anyone, offering an opportunity for borrowers to get better rates, and investors to earn better returns. Zopa was the first peer-to-peer lending network, opening its Internet doors 5 years ago in the UK, and growing very rapidly in the last couple of years. Giles Andrews, General Manager of Zopa, describes his company as "a marketplace where people can lend and borrow money to and from each other, sidestepping banks". Lending Club is the US-based leader in the space, having issued more than $170M in personal loans since its inception in 2007, and growing at a record-breaking pace. Last month, Lending Club announced that it had payed out more than $12M in interest to its investors. So there you have it. Peer-to-peer lending, crowdfunding and microfinance are like triplet sisters: even though they look alike from the distance, they are quite different in purpose and in how they work.

Summary Even though peer-to-peer lending, crowdfunding and microfinance share the same core concept, they are very different in their purposes and implementation. Here is an attempt to untangle your brains.

Description Crowdsourcing refers to the idea that a group of people can accomplish something that would otherwise be impossible for an individual to do alone. Crowdfunding describes how the collective pools together money to support an initiative or project. Microfinance consists in providing of financial help to low-income families or individuals who traditionally lack access to banking and loans (a.k.a. the “unbanked”).

Tags: 99designs, Crowdfunding, Grameen Bank, Kiva, Matt Mickiewicz, Microfinance

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How are Microfinance, Crowdfunding, and Peer-to-peer Lending Different?

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How are Microfinance, Crowdfunding, and Peer-to-peer Lending Different?

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